#13 常见 Web 缓存服务

2019-01-06

Apache,Nginx 都有缓存功能,再加上 Redis 做动态数据的缓存,再加上 CDN,所以我还没有用过专门的缓存服务。
但是这些服务真是大名鼎鼎,即便不用,我也可以先列出来做个简单的了解。

#9 Werkzeug WSGI 框架

2017-01-30

示例

from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule

class Application:
    def __init__(self):
        self.url_map = Map([
            Rule('/', endpoint='hello')
        ])

    def hello(self, request):
        text = 'Hello, World!'
        response = Response(text, content_type='text/plain')
        return response

    @Request.application
    def __call__(self, request):
        adapter = self.url_map.bind_to_environ(request.environ)
        endpoint, values = adapter.match()

        handler = getattr(self, endpoint)
        return handler(request, **values)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    app = Application()
    run_simple('localhost', 5000, app)

Werkzeug 与协程(async/await

Werkzeug 1.x 开始已经提供了对协程的支持。
PS:WSGI 规范是基于同步的设计,没有较好的适配异步编程,所以后面一些更年轻的框架选择了 ASGI(Async Server Gateway Interface)。
PS:2014/03/01, WSGI
PS:2021/11/06, 体验 ASGI

import asyncio
from werkzeug.wrappers import Request, Response
from werkzeug.routing import Map, Rule

class Application:
    def __init__(self):
        self.url_map = Map([
            Rule('/', endpoint='hello')
        ])

    async def hello(self, request):
        text = 'Hello, World!'
        response = Response(text, content_type='text/plain')
        return response

    @Request.application
    async def __call__(self, request):
        adapter = self.url_map.bind_to_environ(request.environ)
        endpoint, values = adapter.match()

        handler = getattr(self, endpoint)
        response = await handler(request, **values)
        return response

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from werkzeug.serving import run_simple
    app = Application()
    run_simple('localhost', 5000, app)

附:版本历史

版本 时间
2.3.4 May 9, 2023
2.3.3 May 1, 2023
2.3.2 Apr 29, 2023
2.3.1 Apr 27, 2023
2.3.0 Apr 26, 2023
2.2.3 Feb 15, 2023
2.2.2 Aug 9, 2022
2.2.1 Jul 28, 2022
2.2.0 Jul 24, 2022
2.1.2 Apr 29, 2022
2.1.1 Apr 2, 2022
2.1.0 Mar 29, 2022
2.0.3 Feb 8, 2022
2.0.2 Oct 6, 2021
2.0.1 May 18, 2021
2.0.0 May 12, 2021
1.0.1 Apr 1, 2020
1.0.0 Feb 7, 2020
0.16.1 Jan 27, 2020
0.16.0 Sep 19, 2019
0.15.6 Sep 5, 2019
0.15.5 Jul 17, 2019
0.15.4 May 15, 2019
0.15.3 May 15, 2019
0.15.2 Apr 3, 2019
0.15.1 Mar 22, 2019
0.15.0 Mar 20, 2019
0.14.1 Jan 1, 2018
0.14 Dec 31, 2017
0.13 Dec 8, 2017
0.12.2 May 16, 2017
0.12.1 Mar 16, 2017
0.12 Mar 10, 2017
0.11.15 Dec 31, 2016
0.11.14 Dec 31, 2016
0.11.13 Dec 27, 2016
0.11.12 Dec 26, 2016
0.11.11 Aug 31, 2016
0.11.10 May 24, 2016
0.11.9 Apr 25, 2016
0.11.8 Apr 15, 2016
0.11.7 Apr 15, 2016
0.11.6 Apr 14, 2016
0.11.5 Mar 23, 2016
0.11.4 Feb 15, 2016
0.11.3 Dec 20, 2015
0.11.2 Nov 12, 2015
0.11.1 Nov 10, 2015
0.11 Nov 8, 2015
0.10.4 Mar 26, 2015
0.10.3 Mar 26, 2015
0.10.2 Mar 26, 2015
0.10.1 Feb 4, 2015
0.10 Jan 30, 2015
0.9.6 Jun 7, 2014
0.9.5 Jun 7, 2014
0.9.4 Aug 26, 2013
0.9.3 Jul 25, 2013
0.9.2 Jul 18, 2013
0.9.1 Jun 14, 2013
0.9 Jun 13, 2013
0.8.3 Feb 5, 2012
0.8.2 Dec 16, 2011
0.8.1 Sep 30, 2011
0.8 Sep 30, 2011
0.7.2 Sep 30, 2011
0.7.1 Jul 26, 2011
0.7 Jul 24, 2011
0.6.2 Apr 24, 2010
0.6.1 Apr 13, 2010
0.6 Feb 19, 2010
0.5.1 Jul 10, 2009
0.5 Apr 25, 2009
0.4.1 Jan 11, 2009
0.4 Nov 23, 2008
0.3.1 Jun 24, 2008
0.3 Jun 15, 2008
0.2 Feb 14, 2008
0.1 Dec 10, 2007

#8 The Pallets Projects

2017-01-30

这个组织下的每个项目单拿出来都是响当当的存在:

  • Click — Beautiful, composable command line interface creation kit.
  • Flask — a flexible and popular web development framework
  • ItsDangerous — Safely pass trusted data to untrusted environments and back.
  • Jinja — a full featured template engine for Python
  • MarkupSafe — Safely add untrusted strings to HTML/XML markup.
  • Quart — an async reimplementation of flask
  • Werkzeug — The comprehensive WSGI web application library.
  • Click 命令行工具
  • Flask 轻量级 Web 框架
  • ItsDangerous
  • Jinja 知名模板库
  • MackupSafe
  • Quart
  • Werkzeug Web 工具箱(WSGI),Flask 的底层

#7 Nginx sticky 指令

2016-04-10

Nginx 商用版 1.5.7 (2013 年) 开始支持 sticky 指令。

文档: https://nginx.org/en/docs/http/ngx_http_upstream_module.html#sticky

Syntax:  sticky cookie name [expires=time] [domain=domain] [httponly] [samesite=strict|lax|none] [secure] [path=path];
         sticky route $variable ...;
         sticky learn create=$variable lookup=$variable zone=name:size [timeout=time] [header] [sync];
Default: —
Context: upstream

开源版有 nginx-sticky-module。

C 语言写的,BSD 协议。
代码看起来并不复杂,如果需要用到的时候,可以进行一个粗略的 Review。

编译

# 下载 nginx 源码 (2016-04-26)
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.10.0.tar.gz http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.10.0.tar.gz.asc
gpg --verify nginx-1.10.0.tar.gz.asc

# 下载 nginx-sticky-module (2015-08-06)
wget https://bitbucket.org/nginx-goodies/nginx-sticky-module-ng/get/1.2.6.zip

unzip 1.2.6.zip
cd nginx-goodies-nginx-sticky-module-ng-c78b7dd79d0d/

unzip nginx-1.10.0.zip
cd nginx-1.10.0/

# 其他参数按需添加
./configure --add-module=../nginx-goodies-nginx-sticky-module-ng-c78b7dd79d0d/
make && make install

# Configuration summary
#   + using system PCRE library
#   + OpenSSL library is not used
#   + md5: using system crypto library
#   + sha1: using system crypto library
#   + using system zlib library

#   nginx path prefix: "/usr/local/nginx"
#   nginx binary file: "/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"
#   nginx modules path: "/usr/local/nginx/modules"
#   nginx configuration prefix: "/usr/local/nginx/conf"
#   nginx configuration file: "/usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
#   nginx pid file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
#   nginx error log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/error.log"
#   nginx http access log file: "/usr/local/nginx/logs/access.log"
#   nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
#   nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
#   nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
#   nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
#   nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

用法

upstream {
  sticky;
  server 127.0.0.1:9000;
  server 127.0.0.1:9001;
  server 127.0.0.1:9002;
}

sticky [name=route] [domain=.foo.bar] [path=/] [expires=1h]
       [hash=index|md5|sha1] [no_fallback] [secure] [httponly];

#6 ab 报告解析

2016-01-02

安装

CentOS 下的安装:

sudo yum install -y httpd-utils

Debian/Ubuntu 下的安装:

sudo apt install -y apache2-utils

使用

ab -n 请求数 -c 并发书 URL

常用参数:

  • -n 请求数
  • -c 并发数
  • -t 持续测试时间
  • -k 启用 HTTP KeepAlive
  • -H 设置请求头
  • -m 请求方式
  • -T 设置 Content-Type
  • -p 设置 POST 数据文件

如果 POST 请求:

echo 'key1=value1&key2=value2' > /tmp/postdata
-T 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -p postdata

echo '{"key1":"value1","key2":"value2"}' > /tmp/postdata
-T 'application/json' -p postdata

报告解读

执行 ab -n100 -c10 https://www.baidu.com/ 可以得到以下结果:

ab result image

需要重要关注的数据做了标记,分别是:

  • 失败数 Failed requests
    应该尽最大可能保证失败数为 0, 也就是成功数 100%
  • 吞吐量(QPS/TPS) (Requests per second)
  • 平均响应时间 (第一个 Time per request)
    应该等于:测试持续时间 / 请求数
    应该等于:并发数 / 吞吐量
  • 最长响应时间 (最后面那行,100% longest request)
    80%, 90%, 95% 响应时间, 也可作为重要参考。

测试方案

Update @ 2021-12-29

url="https://www.baidu.com/"

rm -rf /tmp/httpbench-*.log
for c in {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100,150,200,250,300,350,400,450,500,600,700,800,900,1000};
do echo "==== Concurrency Level: $c ===="; let n=$((c * 100)); ab -n $n -c $c $url > /tmp/httpbench-$c.log; sleep 10; done;

然后用 Python 脚本解析 ab 输出生成报告。

Python 代码就不贴了, 如果感兴趣可以打开看看: abReport.py

如果觉得我的方案不妥当,非常欢迎提出意见或建议。

Update @ 2021-12-30:

又对 abReport.py 做了调整 (abReport2.py),现在可以输出一个 ECharts 图表了(尽整些花里胡哨的东西)。

doge

#5 Apache: client denied by server configuration

2015-01-04

2.2 版本下的权限控制语句在 2.4 下已经不再适用,需要做一些调整。

Order deny,allow
Deny from all

应该改成:Require all denied

Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from example.com

应该改成:Require host example.com

Order allow,deny
Allow from all

应该改成:Require all granted

嗯,挺好,新语法更加简单。