#57 Beego 框架: 入门
Golang Beego BeegoNotes 2021-07-07照着官网文档 http://beego.vip 过一遍。
PS: 我之前看的网址是 beego.me, 不知道为啥换了域名。
coding in a complicated world
照着官网文档 http://beego.vip 过一遍。
PS: 我之前看的网址是 beego.me, 不知道为啥换了域名。
RabbitMQ 是啥就不说了,怎么安装部署也不说了,就记录一下 RabbitMQ 在 Golang 开发中的应用。
说明:采用 github.com/streadway/amqp 库。
func (ch *Channel) Publish(exchange, key string, mandatory, immediate bool, msg Publishing) error
func (ch *Channel) Consume(queue, consumer string, autoAck, exclusive, noLocal, noWait bool, args Table) (<-chan Delivery, error)
amqp.Dial -> amqp.Connectionamqp.Connection.Channel -> amqp.Channelconn, err := amqp.Dial("amqp://guest:guest@localhost:5672/")
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to connect to RabbitMQ: %s", err)
}
ch, err := conn.Channel()
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to open a channel: %s", err)
}
事先把 MQ 配好就行,但从稳妥起见,还是在连接时加上比较好。
amqp.Channel.QueueDeclareamqp.Channel.ExchangeDeclareamqp.Channel.QueueBindq, err := ch.QueueDeclare(
"hello", // 队列名称
true, // 持久化
false, // 自动删除
false, // 独占
false, // 等待服务器回应
nil, // 额外参数
)
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to declare a queue: %s", err)
}
amqp.Channel.Publisherr = ch.Publish(
"", // exchange
q.Name, // routing key
false, // mandatory
false, // immediate
amqp.Publishing{
ContentType: "text/plain",
Body: []byte("hello world"),
})
if err != nil {
log.Fatalf("Failed to publish a message: %s", err)
}
amqp.Connection.Closeamqp.Channel.Close和生产者基本一致。只是调用的的是 chan.Consume 而不是 chan.Publish。
然后就是配置阶段,消费者只用关心队列在不在。
package main
import (
"log"
"time"
"github.com/go-redis/redis"
)
func main() {
client := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
Addr: "localhost:6379",
Password: "",
DB: 0,
})
var err error
// 使用 Get/Set/Del =====================================
err = client.Set("key", "value", 0).Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
val, err := client.Get("key").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("key", val)
err = client.Del("key").Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
// 使用 Pipeline ========================================
pipeline := client.Pipeline()
pipeline.Set("key1", "value1", time.Minute*5)
pipeline.Set("key2", "value2", time.Minute*5)
pipeline.Set("key3", "value3", time.Minute*5)
_, err = pipeline.Exec()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
pipeline.Get("key1")
pipeline.Get("key2")
pipeline.Get("key3")
vals, err := pipeline.Exec()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
val1, _ := vals[0].(*redis.StringCmd).Result()
val2, _ := vals[1].(*redis.StringCmd).Result()
val3, _ := vals[2].(*redis.StringCmd).Result()
log.Println("key1", val1)
log.Println("key2", val2)
log.Println("key3", val3)
pipeline.Del("key1", "key2", "key3")
_, err = pipeline.Exec()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
package main
import (
"log"
"github.com/go-redis/redis"
)
func main() {
client := redis.NewClient(&redis.Options{
Addr: "localhost:6379",
Password: "",
DB: 0,
})
log.Println(client)
var err error
var items []string
// List ===============================================
{
err = client.RPush("mylist", "item1", "item2", "item3").Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
listLen, err := client.LLen("mylist").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("Length of mylist:", listLen)
items, err = client.LRange("mylist", 0, -1).Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("===== Items in mylist:", items)
}
// Hash ===============================================
{
err = client.HSet("myhash", "field1", "value1").Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
value1, err := client.HGet("myhash", "field1").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("Value of field1:", value1)
allFields, err := client.HGetAll("myhash").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("===== All fields in myhash:", allFields)
}
// Set ================================================
{
err = client.SAdd("myset", "item1", "item2", "item3").Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
setLen, err := client.SCard("myset").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("Length of myset:", setLen)
items, err = client.SMembers("myset").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("===== Items in myset:", items)
}
// ZSet ===============================================
{
err = client.ZAdd("myzset", redis.Z{Score: 1.0, Member: "one"}, redis.Z{Score: 2.0, Member: "two"}).Err()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
setLen, err := client.ZCard("myzset").Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("Length of myzset:", setLen)
items, err = client.ZRange("myzset", 0, -1).Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
log.Println("===== Items in myzset:", items)
}
}
这样理论上来说,肯定会有性能损耗,毕竟增加了和哨兵的通信。
具体能差多少,还得实验。
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
)
func main() {
failoverClient := redis.NewFailoverClient(&redis.FailoverOptions{
SentinelAddrs: []string{"sentinel1:26379", "sentinel2:26379", "sentinel3:26379"},
MasterName: "mymaster",
})
pong, err := failoverClient.Ping().Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(pong)
}
package main
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
)
func main() {
clusterClient := redis.NewClusterClient(&redis.ClusterOptions{
Addrs: []string{"redis1:6379", "redis2:6379", "redis3:6379"},
})
pong, err := clusterClient.Ping().Result()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
fmt.Println(pong)
}
测试表:
CREATE TABLE `users` (
`id` BIGINT(20) UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`username` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
`password` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
`nickname` VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
`email` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
`birthday` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0000-00-00' COLLATE 'utf8mb4_unicode_ci',
`age` TINYINT(3) UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`level` TINYINT(3) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`disabled` TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`created_at` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp(),
`updated_at` DATETIME NOT NULL DEFAULT current_timestamp() ON UPDATE current_timestamp(),
PRIMARY KEY (`id`) USING BTREE,
UNIQUE INDEX `username` (`username`) USING BTREE
)
COLLATE='utf8mb4_unicode_ci'
ENGINE=InnoDB;
package main
import (
"database/sql"
"fmt"
"time"
_ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
)
var db *sql.DB //全局变量client
func initMySQL() (err error) {
dsn := "root:123456@tcp(127.0.0.1:3306)/test"
db, err = sql.Open("mysql", dsn)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
err = db.Ping() //检测是否连接成功
if err != nil {
return
}
db.SetMaxOpenConns(200) //最大连接数
db.SetMaxIdleConns(10) //连接池里最大空闲连接数。必须要比maxOpenConns小
db.SetConnMaxLifetime(time.Second * 10) //最大存活保持时间
db.SetConnMaxIdleTime(time.Second * 10) //最大空闲保持时间
return
}
func main() {
if err := initMySQL(); err != nil {
fmt.Printf("connect to db failed,err:%v\n", err)
} else {
fmt.Println("connect to db success")
}
sqlStr := "SELECT id, name FROM sys_user WHERE id=?"
var u user
//非常重要:确保QueryRow之后调用Scan方法,否则持有的数据库链接不会被释放
err := db.QueryRow(sqlStr, 1).Scan(&u.id, &u.name)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("scan failed, err: %v\n", err)
return
}
fmt.Printf("id:%d,name:%s,age:%d\n", u.id, u.name)
defer db.Close()
}
//user结构体
type user struct {
id int
name string
}
不像我们常见的一些语言,实现接口需要显式声明,比如 PHP:
interface Animal {
public function move();
public function makeSound();
}
class Dog implements Animal {
public function move() {
echo "Dog is moving\n";
}
public function makeSound() {
echo "Woof\n";
}
}
Go 不需要声明,说到不如做到,实现了所有接口方法就行了。
PS:我还是觉得写出来比较好一些,阅读代码的时候更加一目了然,也没有什么副作用。
package main
import "fmt"
type Animal interface {
move() string
makeSound() string
}
type Dog struct {
name string
}
func (d Dog) move() string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s is running", d.name)
}
func (d Dog) makeSound() string {
return "woof"
}
func main() {
dog := Dog{name: "Fido"}
// 判断接口实现关系
_, ok := interface{}(dog).(Animal)
if ok {
fmt.Printf("%T is Animal\n", dog)
} else {
fmt.Printf("%T is NOT Animal\n", dog)
}
fmt.Println(dog.move())
fmt.Println(dog.makeSound())
}
interface{}
interface{}says nothing.
Go 谚语第六条是什么意思?
我的理解:
interface{} 可以表示任意类型,有时使用起来会很方便。
但是必须注意这意味着对类型没有任何约束,无论从程序的严谨度还是代码可读性上讲,都是有害的。
如何可以的话,编码中应当尽量采用范围小一些的接口,就比如到处可见的 io.Writer 接口,它有各类实现:
bytes.Bufferbufio.Writeros.Filecompress/gzip.Writercrypto/cipher.StreamWriterencoding/csv.Writernet/http.ResponseWriterarchive/zip.Writerimage/png.EncoderGolang 有一个 encoding/json 标准库,在多数情况下已经够用了。
注意:因为 Golang 是一种静态类型的语言,所以解析 JSON 字符串必须了解里面的数据结构。
如果是用惯了 JS、Python、PHP 等动态语言的话,到这里会有些郁闷,怎么解析一个 JSON 还这么复杂。
2021/08/23,Golang 定时任务 是讲通过 Golang 原生的 time.Ticker 实现定时任务,本文介绍的是通过第三方库 robfig/cron 实现定时任务。
标准 Cron 表达式 分成 5 段:分 minutes、时 hours、日 day of month、月 month、周 day of week。
robfig/cron v2 默认支持 6 个字段(包括秒 seconds),从 v3 开始又回到默认 5 个字段(需要做以下显式声明:cron.New(cron.WithSeconds()))。
type SpecSchedule struct {
Second, Minute, Hour, Dom, Month, Dow uint64
}
// Seconds field, required
cron.New(cron.WithSeconds())
// Seconds field, optional
cron.New(cron.WithParser(cron.NewParser(
cron.SecondOptional | cron.Minute | cron.Hour | cron.Dom | cron.Month | cron.Dow | cron.Descriptor,
)))
c := cron.New()
c.AddFunc("0 30 * * * *", func() { fmt.Println("Every hour on the half hour") })
c.AddFunc("@hourly", func() { fmt.Println("Every hour") })
c.AddFunc("@every 1h30m", func() { fmt.Println("Every hour thirty") })
c.Start()
..
// Funcs are invoked in their own goroutine, asynchronously.
...
// Funcs may also be added to a running Cron
c.AddFunc("@daily", func() { fmt.Println("Every day") })
..
// Inspect the cron job entries' next and previous run times.
inspect(c.Entries())
..
c.Stop() // Stop the scheduler (does not stop any jobs already running).
Field name | Mandatory? | Allowed values | Allowed special characters
---------- | ---------- | -------------- | --------------------------
Seconds | Yes | 0-59 | * / , -
Minutes | Yes | 0-59 | * / , -
Hours | Yes | 0-23 | * / , -
Day of month | Yes | 1-31 | * / , - ?
Month | Yes | 1-12 or JAN-DEC | * / , -
Day of week | Yes | 0-6 or SUN-SAT | * / , - ?
Entry | Description | Equivalent To
----- | ----------- | -------------
@yearly (or @annually) | Run once a year, midnight, Jan. 1st | 0 0 0 1 1 *
@monthly | Run once a month, midnight, first of month | 0 0 0 1 * *
@weekly | Run once a week, midnight between Sat/Sun | 0 0 0 * * 0
@daily (or @midnight) | Run once a day, midnight | 0 0 0 * * *
@hourly | Run once an hour, beginning of hour | 0 0 * * * *
主要是 time 包(2021/05/21,Golang time 包)。
time.Time 时间,精确到纳秒time.Location 时区time.Duration 时间间隔,精确到纳秒,[-292.47 years, 292.47 years] (1 << 63) / 1_000_000_000 / 3600 / 24 / 365
292.471208677536
src/time/time.go:type Time struct {
src/time/time.go- wall uint64 // 秒 wall time seconds
src/time/time.go- ext int64 // 毫秒 wall time nanoseconds
src/time/time.go- loc *Location // 时区
src/time/time.go-}
src/time/zoneinfo.go:type Location struct {
src/time/zoneinfo.go- name string
src/time/zoneinfo.go- zone []zone
src/time/zoneinfo.go- tx []zoneTrans
src/time/zoneinfo.go- extend string
src/time/zoneinfo.go- cacheStart int64
src/time/zoneinfo.go- cacheEnd int64
src/time/zoneinfo.go- cacheZone *zone
src/time/zoneinfo.go-}
src/time/zoneinfo.go:type zone struct {
src/time/zoneinfo.go- name string // abbreviated name, "CET"
src/time/zoneinfo.go- offset int // seconds east of UTC
src/time/zoneinfo.go- isDST bool // is this zone Daylight Savings Time?
src/time/zoneinfo.go-}
src/time/zoneinfo.go-type zoneTrans struct {
src/time/zoneinfo.go- when int64 // transition time, in seconds since 1970 GMT
src/time/zoneinfo.go- index uint8 // the index of the zone that goes into effect at that time
src/time/zoneinfo.go- isstd, isutc bool // ignored - no idea what these mean
src/time/zoneinfo.go-}
var UTC *Location = &utcLoc
var utcLoc = Location{name: "UTC"}
var Local *Location = &localLoc
var localLoc Location
src/time/time.go:type Duration int64
time.Now() // time.Time
// type Month int
// const (
// January Month = 1 + iota
// February
// March
// April
// May
// June
// July
// August
// September
// October
// November
// December
// )
// var Local *Location = &localLoc
func Date(year int, month Month, day, hour, min, sec, nsec int, loc *Location) Time // 组装 Time
// Time -> 时间戳
time.Now().Unix() // int64
time.Now().UnixMilli() // int64 毫秒
time.Now().UnixMicro() // int64 微秒
time.Now().UnixNano() // int64 纳秒
func Unix(sec int64, nsec int64) Time // 时间戳 -> Time
time.Now().Format("2006-01-02 15:04:05") // Time -> timestr
timeObj, erro := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", timestr) // timestr -> Time
// 特别注意:time.Parse 是按照 UTC 时区解析
timeObj, erro := time.ParseInLocation("2006-01-02 15:04:05", timeStr, time.Local)
func (t Time) Truncate(d Duration) Time
func (t Time) Round(d Duration) Time
func (d Duration) Truncate(m Duration) Duration
func (d Duration) Round(m Duration) Duration
func (t Time) Add(d Duration) Time // Time 相加
func (t Time) Sub(u Time) Duration // Time 相减
func Since(t Time) Duration // Now - t
func Until(t Time) Duration // t - Now
time.Now().Truncate(时间)
package main
import (
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
fmt.Println("Hello, 世界")
now := time.Date(2021, 5, 21, 15, 46, 47, 0, time.Local)
fmt.Println(now)
// d := time.Hour
d := time.Duration(3000_000_000_000)
fmt.Println(now.Truncate(d))
fmt.Println(now.Round(d))
}
// 2021-05-21 15:46:47 +0000 UTC
// 2021-05-21 15:00:00 +0000 UTC
// 2021-05-21 15:50:00 +0000 UTC
Python 有一个好搭档就是 C/C,Python 提供生产力,C/C 则负责效率。
这篇文章探讨 Python + Go 混合开发的可能性。