DB MySQL 字符编码
2015-05-11
各种类型的编码
mysql> SHOW VARIABLES LIKE 'character%';
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
| character_set_client | gbk |
| character_set_connection | gbk |
| character_set_database | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_filesystem | binary |
| character_set_results | gbk |
| character_set_server | utf8mb4 |
| character_set_system | utf8mb3 |
| character_sets_dir | /usr/share/mysql/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
5.7 及更早版本默认字符集和 Collation 是 latin1 和 latin1_swedish_ci
8.0 之后改成 utf8mb4 和 utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci
上面就有 6 种 全局的编码:
- client 客户端编码
- connection 连接编码
- database 数据库编码,创建表时的默认编码
load data, 以及创建
- filesystem 文件系统编码
- results 结果编码
- server 服务端编码,创建数据库时的默认编码
- system 系统编码
还有两种局部的编码:表的编码和列(字段)的编码。
列主要是 char, varchar, text 类型。
字符集
# 都可以 LIKE 搜索
SHOW CHARACTER SET;
SHOW CHARSET;
SHOW CHAR SET;
Charset |
Description |
Default collation |
Maxlen |
armscii8 |
ARMSCII-8 Armenian |
armscii8_general_ci |
1 |
ascii |
US ASCII |
ascii_general_ci |
1 |
big5 |
Big5 Traditional Chinese |
big5_chinese_ci |
2 |
binary |
Binary pseudo charset |
binary |
1 |
cp1250 |
Windows Central European |
cp1250_general_ci |
1 |
cp1251 |
Windows Cyrillic |
cp1251_general_ci |
1 |
cp1256 |
Windows Arabic |
cp1256_general_ci |
1 |
cp1257 |
Windows Baltic |
cp1257_general_ci |
1 |
cp850 |
DOS West European |
cp850_general_ci |
1 |
cp852 |
DOS Central European |
cp852_general_ci |
1 |
cp866 |
DOS Russian |
cp866_general_ci |
1 |
cp932 |
SJIS for Windows Japanese |
cp932_japanese_ci |
2 |
dec8 |
DEC West European |
dec8_swedish_ci |
1 |
eucjpms |
UJIS for Windows Japanese |
eucjpms_japanese_ci |
3 |
euckr |
EUC-KR Korean |
euckr_korean_ci |
2 |
gb18030 |
China National Standard GB18030 |
gb18030_chinese_ci |
4 |
gb2312 |
GB2312 Simplified Chinese |
gb2312_chinese_ci |
2 |
gbk |
GBK Simplified Chinese |
gbk_chinese_ci |
2 |
geostd8 |
GEOSTD8 Georgian |
geostd8_general_ci |
1 |
greek |
ISO 8859-7 Greek |
greek_general_ci |
1 |
hebrew |
ISO 8859-8 Hebrew |
hebrew_general_ci |
1 |
hp8 |
HP West European |
hp8_english_ci |
1 |
keybcs2 |
DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak |
keybcs2_general_ci |
1 |
koi8r |
KOI8-R Relcom Russian |
koi8r_general_ci |
1 |
koi8u |
KOI8-U Ukrainian |
koi8u_general_ci |
1 |
latin1 |
cp1252 West European |
latin1_swedish_ci |
1 |
latin2 |
ISO 8859-2 Central European |
latin2_general_ci |
1 |
latin5 |
ISO 8859-9 Turkish |
latin5_turkish_ci |
1 |
latin7 |
ISO 8859-13 Baltic |
latin7_general_ci |
1 |
macce |
Mac Central European |
macce_general_ci |
1 |
macroman |
Mac West European |
macroman_general_ci |
1 |
sjis |
Shift-JIS Japanese |
sjis_japanese_ci |
2 |
swe7 |
7bit Swedish |
swe7_swedish_ci |
1 |
tis620 |
TIS620 Thai |
tis620_thai_ci |
1 |
ucs2 |
UCS-2 Unicode |
ucs2_general_ci |
2 |
ujis |
EUC-JP Japanese |
ujis_japanese_ci |
3 |
utf16 |
UTF-16 Unicode |
utf16_general_ci |
4 |
utf16le |
UTF-16LE Unicode |
utf16le_general_ci |
4 |
utf32 |
UTF-32 Unicode |
utf32_general_ci |
4 |
utf8mb3 |
UTF-8 Unicode |
utf8mb3_general_ci |
3 |
utf8mb4 |
UTF-8 Unicode |
utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
4 |
SELECT * FROM information_schema.character_sets;
SELECT * FROM information_schema.character_sets WHERE CHARACTER_SET_NAME LIKE "%utf%";
CHARACTER_SET_NAME |
DEFAULT_COLLATE_NAME |
DESCRIPTION |
MAXLEN |
utf8mb3 |
utf8mb3_general_ci |
UTF-8 Unicode |
3 |
utf16 |
utf16_general_ci |
UTF-16 Unicode |
4 |
utf16le |
utf16le_general_ci |
UTF-16LE Unicode |
4 |
utf32 |
utf32_general_ci |
UTF-32 Unicode |
4 |
utf8mb4 |
utf8mb4_0900_ai_ci |
UTF-8 Unicode |
4 |
排序规则
SHOW COLLATION;
这就多了,两百多。
SHOW COLLATION LIKE "%ascii%";
Collation |
Charset |
Id |
Default |
Compiled |
Sortlen |
Pad_attribute |
ascii_bin |
ascii |
65 |
|
Yes |
1 |
PAD SPACE |
ascii_general_ci |
ascii |
11 |
Yes |
Yes |
1 |
PAD SPACE |
SELECT * FROM information_schema.collations WHERE CHARACTER_SET_NAME = "utf8mb4" AND COLLATION_NAME LIKE "%zh%";
COLLATION_NAME |
CHARACTER_SET_NAME |
ID |
IS_DEFAULT |
IS_COMPILED |
SORTLEN |
PAD_ATTRIBUTE |
utf8mb4_zh_0900_as_cs |
utf8mb4 |
308 |
|
Yes |
0 |
NO PAD |
命名规则
字符集名称,语言,通用后缀
ai
Accent-insensitive 重音不敏感
as
Accent-sensitive 重音敏感
ci
Case-insensitive 大小写不敏感
cs
Case-sensitive 大小写敏感
ks
Kana-sensitive 假名敏感(日语)
bin
二进制
8.0 之后,很多编码中多了 0900 字样,表示 Unicode 9.0 规范。
参考资料与拓展阅读
DB SQL MySQL
2015-03-22
SQLAlchemy DB Python SQL
2014-09-20
例子:搜索用户表 user
中字段 phone
包含 520
的行。
SQL
和 pymysql 等库一样的用:
keyword = '520'
conn.execute('select * from user where phone like "%%%s%%";' % keyword)
conn.execute('select * from user where phone like "%%%s%%";', keyword)
.like
方法
q = session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.like(f'%{keyword}%'))
qs = qs.all()
# print(qs.statement)
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE "user".phone LIKE :phone_1
对应的大小写不敏感方法有 ilike
(lower("user".phone) LIKE lower(:phone_1)
)
还有:not_like
, not_ilike
.contains
方法
print(session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.contains(keyword)).statement)
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE ("user".phone LIKE '%' || :phone_1 || '%')
.regexp_match
方法(1.4 新增)
对应的是 MySQL 支持的 REGEXP
操作符。
print(session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.regexp_match(keyword)).statement)
session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.regexp_match(keyword)).all()
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE "user".phone <regexp> :phone_1
.startswith
和 .endswith
print(session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.startswith(keyword)).statement)
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE ("user".phone LIKE :phone_1 || '%')
print(session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.endswith(keyword)).statement)
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE ("user".phone LIKE '%' || :phone_1)
.match
方法
对应的是数据库的 MATCH (col1,col2,...) AGAINST (expr [search_modifier])
全文索引方法。
对单字段同样可用,不过需要先建立 FULLTEXT 索引。
print(session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.match(keyword)).statement)
session.query(model.User.id, model.User.phone).filter(model.User.phone.match(keyword)).all()
# SELECT "user".id, "user".phone
# FROM "user"
# WHERE "user".phone MATCH :phone_1
参考资料与拓展阅读
DB MySQL
2014-08-20
顾名思义,就是集合类型。
set('a', 'b', ...)
每个字段可以是指定选项中的若干个(包含 0 个)。
DB MySQL
2014-03-06
几种形式
- 字符串,比如:
varchar(14)
,存:yyyymmddHHMMSS
格式
varchar(19)
,存:yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS
格式
varchar(23)
,存:yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS.fff
格式
varchar(26)
,存:yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS.ffffff
格式
varchar(24)
,存:yyyy-mm-ddTHH:MM:SS+0800
或 yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS 0800
格式
- 整形数
int
1970 - 2038time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.gmtime((1 << 31) - 1))
# 2038-01-19 03:14:07
- int unsigned
1970 - 2106time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.gmtime((1 << 32) - 1))
# 2106-02-07 06:28:15
- bigint
可以用到世界毁灭
- 注意:也可以任意指定一个时间为起点,比如
2020-01-01 00:00:00
TIMESTAMP
类型
- 相当于上面的
int
类型,2038 问题
DATETIME
类型
PS: DATE
, TIME
, YEAR
三种类型:
比较
1. 存储效率
2. 时间比较
3. 是否方便索引
DB MySQL
2014-03-03
优点
Timestamp 是按 UTC 时间进行存储。
2038 问题
MySQL 的 timestamp
类型挺好的,不过有个严重的 2038 问题,我不知道到时候这个类型会如何处理。
The TIMESTAMP data type is used for values that contain both date and time parts. TIMESTAMP has a range of '1970-01-01 00:00:01' UTC to '2038-01-19 03:14:07' UTC.
(1 << 31) / (3600 * 24 * 365)
根据时间范围,这应该是用的一个有符号的 32 位整型数实现的,为什么不用无符号数呢,不是又可以往后续 68 年么?
我预测,MySQL 的某一个新版本,将会增加一个 TIMESTAMP64
类型,采用 64 位有符号整形数存时间戳。
或直接将 TIMESTAMP
拓展到 64 位,先支持配置和命令行参数开启这个特性,然后后续版本将其视作默认设置。
参考资料与拓展阅读
DB MySQL
2013-09-17
MySQL 出现了一个问题,插入一个长字符串(二十几KB)结果导致被截断。
Python MySQLdb DB
2013-09-15
用 MySQLdb 操作数据库,插入数据之后发现数据库中依然为空,不知原因为何。
开启 mysqld 的 log 设置项之后发现日志文档中更有执行 sql 语句,直接复制语句在客户端中执行也没有问题,那么为什么通过 MySQLdb 的插入全部没有结果呢?
SQLite DB
2013-07-12
简介
- 嵌入式数据库
- 第一版 2000 年发布
- 公有领域
- 实现了大多数 SQL-92 标准,包括事务(ACID)
- 使用最广泛的 DB 引擎
命令
.help
.databases
.tables
.shema <tableName> # show sql
.fullschema
.quit
.mode list # 默认,没有头部,竖线隔开
.mode tabs # tab 隔开
.mode column # 可读性强些
.mode line # 像 MySQL \G
sqlite> .show
echo: off
eqp: off
explain: auto
headers: off
mode: list
nullvalue: ""
output: stdout
colseparator: "|"
rowseparator: "\n"
stats: off
width:
filename: /tmp/history.db
sqlite> .dbinfo main
database page size: 4096
write format: 2
read format: 2
reserved bytes: 0
file change counter: 3110
database page count: 6669
freelist page count: 0
schema cookie: 7
schema format: 4
default cache size: 0
autovacuum top root: 0
incremental vacuum: 0
text encoding: 1 (utf8)
user version: 2
application id: 0
software version: 3033000
number of tables: 4
number of indexes: 6
number of triggers: 0
number of views: 0
schema size: 785
data version 2
常用操作
查看表结构
.schema tablename
pragma dbname.table_info(tablename)
pragma dbname.table_xinfo(tablename) # 包含虚拟表中的隐藏列
SELECT * FROM sqlite_master WHERE tbl_name = 'tablename';
工具
- SQLite Database Browser
- heidisql
- 浏览器拓展
- Navicat for SQLite
附:sqlite help
sqlite> .help
.archive ... Manage SQL archives
.auth ON|OFF Show authorizer callbacks
.backup ?DB? FILE Backup DB (default "main") to FILE
.bail on|off Stop after hitting an error. Default OFF
.binary on|off Turn binary output on or off. Default OFF
.cd DIRECTORY Change the working directory to DIRECTORY
.changes on|off Show number of rows changed by SQL
.check GLOB Fail if output since .testcase does not match
.clone NEWDB Clone data into NEWDB from the existing database
.connection [close] [#] Open or close an auxiliary database connection
.databases List names and files of attached databases
.dbconfig ?op? ?val? List or change sqlite3_db_config() options
.dbinfo ?DB? Show status information about the database
.dump ?OBJECTS? Render database content as SQL
.echo on|off Turn command echo on or off
.eqp on|off|full|... Enable or disable automatic EXPLAIN QUERY PLAN
.excel Display the output of next command in spreadsheet
.exit ?CODE? Exit this program with return-code CODE
.expert EXPERIMENTAL. Suggest indexes for queries
.explain ?on|off|auto? Change the EXPLAIN formatting mode. Default: auto
.filectrl CMD ... Run various sqlite3_file_control() operations
.fullschema ?--indent? Show schema and the content of sqlite_stat tables
.headers on|off Turn display of headers on or off
.help ?-all? ?PATTERN? Show help text for PATTERN
.import FILE TABLE Import data from FILE into TABLE
.imposter INDEX TABLE Create imposter table TABLE on index INDEX
.indexes ?TABLE? Show names of indexes
.limit ?LIMIT? ?VAL? Display or change the value of an SQLITE_LIMIT
.lint OPTIONS Report potential schema issues.
.load FILE ?ENTRY? Load an extension library
.log FILE|off Turn logging on or off. FILE can be stderr/stdout
.mode MODE ?TABLE? Set output mode
.nonce STRING Disable safe mode for one command if the nonce matches
.nullvalue STRING Use STRING in place of NULL values
.once ?OPTIONS? ?FILE? Output for the next SQL command only to FILE
.open ?OPTIONS? ?FILE? Close existing database and reopen FILE
.output ?FILE? Send output to FILE or stdout if FILE is omitted
.parameter CMD ... Manage SQL parameter bindings
.print STRING... Print literal STRING
.progress N Invoke progress handler after every N opcodes
.prompt MAIN CONTINUE Replace the standard prompts
.quit Exit this program
.read FILE Read input from FILE
.recover Recover as much data as possible from corrupt db.
.restore ?DB? FILE Restore content of DB (default "main") from FILE
.save FILE Write in-memory database into FILE
.scanstats on|off Turn sqlite3_stmt_scanstatus() metrics on or off
.schema ?PATTERN? Show the CREATE statements matching PATTERN
.selftest ?OPTIONS? Run tests defined in the SELFTEST table
.separator COL ?ROW? Change the column and row separators
.session ?NAME? CMD ... Create or control sessions
.sha3sum ... Compute a SHA3 hash of database content
.shell CMD ARGS... Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell
.show Show the current values for various settings
.stats ?ARG? Show stats or turn stats on or off
.system CMD ARGS... Run CMD ARGS... in a system shell
.tables ?TABLE? List names of tables matching LIKE pattern TABLE
.testcase NAME Begin redirecting output to 'testcase-out.txt'
.testctrl CMD ... Run various sqlite3_test_control() operations
.timeout MS Try opening locked tables for MS milliseconds
.timer on|off Turn SQL timer on or off
.trace ?OPTIONS? Output each SQL statement as it is run
.vfsinfo ?AUX? Information about the top-level VFS
.vfslist List all available VFSes
.vfsname ?AUX? Print the name of the VFS stack
.width NUM1 NUM2 ... Set minimum column widths for columnar output